From lived silence to patterned gender-based violence among child survivors in South Mugirango SubCounty, Kisii County, Kenya

Abstract

Gender-based violence (GBV) against children remains a significant concern with implications for child protection, human rights, and social development. Despite the presence of legal and policy frameworks in Kenya, cases continue to occur, particularly in rural settings where reporting remains limited. Existing studies have largely emphasized prevalence, with less attention to how child survivors experience and interpret violence in their daily lives. This study examined the nature of GBV among child survivors in South Mugirango Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya. The study was guided by a phenomenological orientation within explanatory design to capture both patterns and lived experiences. A proportionate sample of 154 child survivors aged 8-15 years was derived using Cochran’s formula, alongside 103 parents or guardians. The study further included 2 Sub-County Children Officers, 2 Probation Officers, 4 Gender Desk Police Officers, 1 Deputy County Commissioner, 2 Chiefs, 3 Assistant Chiefs, 13 Clan Elders, 3 Social Workers, 3 Community Health Promoters, 3 Child Protection Volunteers, and 3 Kenya Children’s Assembly (KCA) officials. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions were analyzed thematically. Findings indicate that GBV occurs in multiple forms, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, often across home, school, and community settings. Distinct gender patterns emerged, with girls more exposed to sexual and emotional forms of violence, while boys experienced more physical and peer-related abuse. Survivors described coping through silence, avoidance, and peer support, influenced by fear, stigma, and limited trust in formal systems. The study concludes that GBV among child survivors is patterned and shaped by social and environmental contexts. It recommends strengthening reporting mechanisms, enhancing community awareness, and promoting child-centered interventions. The study contributes to social work by informing practice and policy with evidence grounded in survivors’ experiences.